The Life and Work of Albert Einstein

The Life and Work of Albert Einstein Conceived on March 14, 1879, Albert Einstein is one of the universes most popular researchers. He got the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his commitments to the field of hypothetical physics.â Albert Einsteins Early Work In 1901, Albert Einstein got his confirmation as an educator of material science and arithmetic. Incapable to discover a showing position, he went to work for the Swiss Patent Office. He acquired his doctoral certificate in 1905, that year he distributed four noteworthy papers, presenting the ideas of extraordinary relativity and the photon hypothesis of light. Albert Einstein and the Scientific Revolution Albert Einsteins work in 1905 shook the universe of material science. In his clarification of the photoelectric impact he presented the photon hypothesis of light. In his paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, he presented the ideas of extraordinary relativity. Einstein spent an incredible remainder and profession managing the outcomes of these ideas, both by creating general relativity and by scrutinizing the field of quantum material science on the rule that it was creepy activity a good ways off. Likewise, another of his 1905 papers concentrated on a clarification of Brownian movement, saw when particles appear to haphazardly move when suspended in a fluid or gas. His utilization of factual strategies verifiably accepted that the fluid or gas was made out of littler particles, and in this manner gave proof on the side of the cutting edge type of atomism. Preceding this, however the idea was now and again helpful, most researchers saw these iotas as simply theoretical numerical develops instead of real physical items. Albert Einstein Moves to America In 1933, Albert Einstein disavowed his German citizenship and moved to America, where he took a post at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, as a Professor of Theoretical Physics. He increased American citizenship in 1940. He was offered the main administration of Israel, however he declined it, however he helped found the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Misinterpretations About Albert Einstein The gossip started circling even while Albert Einstein was alive that he had bombed science courses as a kid. While the facts demonstrate that Einstein started to talk late - at about age 4 as indicated by his own records - he never flopped in science, nor did he do ineffectively in school when all is said in done. He did genuinely well in his arithmetic courses all through his instruction and quickly viewed as turning into a mathematician. He perceived from the get-go that his blessing was not in unadulterated science, a reality he deplored all through his vocation as he searched out progressively cultivated mathematicians to aid the conventional portrayals of his speculations.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper Example 7). The post auxiliary instruction offers non-degree programs prompting declarations, certificates and degree levels. The framework doesn't have a second or higher doctorate, yet it offers post doctorate inquire about projects. In light of this complexities and levels, the framework has been marked as an outdated framework that requires development. Combative issues exist on the present association of levels in the training structure, the K-12 structure. Most American students particularly in writing and math have blamed the training structure for deficiencies that that lead to scholastic ineptitude. The main demonstrators of the presence of scholastic structure issues lay on ineptitude in work places, just as the heightening quantities of dropouts. This shows educators don't use suitable instruments to upgrade information understanding and maintenance, and procedures that invigorate learners’ enthusiasm for scholastics. This thesis investigates scholastic changes, the differe nt features that it has, and recommended alterations. Significant instructional material and qualified educators involve important instructive segments for training at home or school. This empowers understudies to learn and pick up aptitudes and information. They additionally add to the capacity of understudies to vie for financial security through employment rivalry. Satisfactory training furnishes understudies with the apparatuses required for commitment in suitable municipal grown-up life (Rowan, and Miller, p. 5). The outcomes of without the instructive offices and segments have prompted decrease in the guidelines of training. The variations and deficiencies of instructional material, educators and offices, show a fundamental and profound imperfection in the national instructive framework. These defects incorporate confused and divided way to deal with national policymaking. They likewise show a defective arrangement of school fund based biased dissemination of assets. Changed p eople recommend varying answers for the issue of scholastic rebuilding in America. Also, there have been endless changes of the present structure of American instruction since initiation. The issue lay with characterizing the ideal arrangement of sorting out and conveying of information in scholastic foundations. This outcomes to a quandary due to changed philosophies on instructive frameworks from reformists, just as researchers. What's more, government officials add to the misconception that encompasses the meaning of a perfect structure of training worth executing. Most government officials voice what they see as the expectation of voters (Futrell, p. 9). They do not have a comprehension of the truth of the deficiencies in the instructive frameworks, and the necessities for instructive changes. This raises banter on the propriety of their belief systems (McClure, Wiener, Roza, and Hill, p. 10). There exists an all inclusive conviction in the worldwide network that training gives a basic asset that critical for including in life’s triumphs. Training gives the tirelessness to get abilities and the assurance to accomplish goals and accomplish elevated requirements. It licenses people to understand abilities of life and the benefit of having such aptitude; henceforth the need to find out its fulfillment. Thus, making a serious, instructive structure critically adds to the prosperity of

SIPA Professor Appointed Chair of Advisory Board of the UNDEF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Professor Appointed Chair of Advisory Board of the UNDEF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The faculty members who teach at SIPA bring both strong academic and professional backgrounds to the classroom.   SIPA has approximately 60 full-time faculty members along with 100 practitioner faculty members per year. SIPA professor Michael Doyle was recently appointed by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to a new term as Chair of the Advisory Board of the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF).   Professor Doyle is the Harold Brown Professor of U.S. Foreign and Security Policy at SIPA.   He holds joint appointments in the Columbia Law School and in the Political Science Department.   He specializes in human rights, international relations, security, and international organizations. Professor Doyles full profile, along with the profile of all core, adjunct, affiliated, and research faculty can be found by visiting the faculty directory page on the faculty page of SIPA Web site.

Gandhis Vision and Life in Attenboroughs Films - 1172 Words

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), the man, the legend, is still echoing in the contemporary world. He had a vision for his birthplace, in the wake of colonization and war, to be tolerant, violent-free and neutral towards all religions. Gandhi had chosen the secular state, that is, the state that was neutral but not hostile to religions (Parel Brown, 2011, p. 161). He rejected what was considered progressive and fashionable; to put the responsibility of state cruelty on the victims, criticizing them for fighting excesses. Subsequently, affording the perpetrators an opportunity to inflict more punishment on the people. Through discussing Gandhi’s philosophical approach and Attenborough’s film successes in depicting his ideas, this essay will demonstrate how Gandhi’s vision and life relates to that of the Sufi Sheikh and monk in Al Mureed and Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring Again films respectively. During the early 1940s, India was going through a historical turmoil agianst British colonization. Gandhi, among others, refused submission to the perpetrators. He realized that submission demeans human dignity and ensures absolute slavery. They see life only in terms of jobs, even if menial in nature, and some sort of economic benefits even if these are leftovers of what is rightfully yours. Their advocacy is for grooming people to become well-fed slaves instead of accepting temporary hardships for a life of freedom and dignity. For them submission is a supreme virtueShow MoreRelatedQuaid E Azam7455 Words   |  30 Pagesafter Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire. Contents [hide] 1 Early life 1.1 Years in England 1.2 Western influences on personal life 1.3 Return to India 2 Early political career 3 Fourteen points 4 Leader of the Muslim League 5 Founding of Pakistan 6 Jinnahs vision for Pakistan 7 Governor-General 8 Illness and death 9 Legacy 10 Criticism 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links [edit]Early life Jinnah in his youth, in traditional dress. Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai (Gujarati:

Sports Sports And Sporting Activities - 1568 Words

In the United States today there is a heavy emphasis placed on sports and sporting activities. Every public school, middle and up, offers some sporting program, and most private schools do as well. The real issue at question is whether sports are affecting the education of students and young adults, who may have carried their sporting career into college. In general, people of all ages spend a lot of time both in person and on TV watching sports, not to mention those who are actively participating in the sporting event. With sports taking up most of a student s free time, some pose the concern that sports are taking too much time, and the students are unable to focus on their education. One may even make the argument that the United States culture as a whole focuses more on the success in sporting activities than they do the quality and level of academics that student athletes uphold. However this is untrue, it hardly ever comes up in domestic debates about America s international me diocrity in education† (Bowen and Hitt). With that being said, it is safe to say that sports have considerably more benefits than they do drawbacks. Sports are an excellent way to help to teach students of all levels many different valuable skills that can translate over into their chosen work field, or just life in general. Although the United States ranks lower than others academically, sports help students of all ages with both leadership and teamwork skills, as well as being an exemplaryShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Nascar On American Sports Culture And Socio Economic Activities1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of NASCAR in the American sports culture and socio-economic activities National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is an imagined community that promoted nationalism in the US. Anderson Benedict categorically presented insightful information about the imagined communities through his numerous pieces of writing. He noted that the imagined communities promoted social integration, sporting activities among the US people, economic growth and cultural practices that include a newRead MoreFigueroas Framework973 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual’s decision to participate in physical activity. These factors change throughout an individual’s life. For example, some children start playing sport because it is fun; others may join a sporting group because their older brother or sister plays that sport. A new sporting complex may open nearby and provide a chance to try a new sport. Coaching clinics might inspire some people to give a sport a go. Teachers can provide both positive and negative sporting experiences. At school, peers can changeRead MoreHow Sports Affect Society1566 Words   |  7 Pages 2013 How sport affects society From the earliest chapters of history, sports have been part of humanity. This can be proved by the games that were played in Mayan and Egypt civilization. Games such as hockey, rugby and football has had what one can call religious following while athletics are characterized by massive celebrations. The importance of sports in the society is gaining increased recognition from both the social and education points of view. Relevant sporting organizationsRead MoreEssay on Figerouas Framework1149 Words   |  5 Pages* Equity affects nearly all aspects of our lives none less than sports such as beach volleyball. Sport is an integral part of today’s society and as such, sport should be organised, participated in and distributed in an equitable manner.The aim of equity in sports is to encourage all people, regardless of age, gender, disability or ethnic origin to participate in and develop their potential within sport. Disputes over equity have been apparent in our society for hundreds of years, over such thingsRead MoreSports Management1026 Words   |  5 PagesSPORTS AND games have been a part of human civilization from times immemorial. Sports and games provide a wonderful opportunity for  holistic development  of our body and mind. It inculcates a spirit of healthy competition and a true sense of patriotism within us. With the passage of time a lot of changes have taken place in the sporting world. In the beginning of the 21st century it is clearly evident that a huge amount of money, glamour, name, fame, media exposure and fan following has become anRead MoreThe Sporting Goods Manufacturing Industry Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesbuying power, and a weak economy hinders on consumer’s ability to purchase goods and services. The Sporting goods manufacturing industry relies on a strong economy to be successful. The industry has been able to bounce back from the recession in 2008 and later years due to the economy of the United States a nd other country’s rebounding. The U.S. personal income which drives consumers demands for sporting goods equipment rose by 3.1% in August of 2016. This is a comparison to the same month in 2015.Read MoreSports Development Essay509 Words   |  3 PagesSports Development Task 1 Scenario: You are on a work placement at the local Sports Development Unit, which is currently reviewing its methods of sports development. You are part of a team responsible for helping it to investigate this, and the hope is that it will further improve its work in the local community at all levels and the areas of sports provision. Part a Identify and describe the key concepts used to promote sporting opportunities and provisionsRead MoreThe Impact Of Sporting Activities On Sporting Events1394 Words   |  6 PagesSporting activities have had major impacts worldwide for quite some time. Within that period of time, various issues have emanated from such activities and had various influences. According to the article written and published by Jamal L. R. on 10th November 2015, racial discrimination on sporting events, as well as the dynamics of the race and sport from 1968 to 2008 is focused on. In his research, Jamal mainly uses content analysis on the happenings, which had major impact especially on the blacksRead MoreCause And Effect Of Fantasy Sports On Fans And Professional Sports951 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect of Fantasy Sports on Fans and Professional Sports Fantasy sports are a popular activity in the contemporary world today. More than 32 million people across the world are participating in this activity. In 2009, it was estimated that 27 million people living in North America participated in this popular sporting activity. In this sport, the competition among individual participants is based on an online environment. Further, this activity has grown into a pop-culture (Howie Luke,Read MoreThe Contribution of Sports to the Caribbean656 Words   |  3 PagesSport  refers to all forms of  competitive  physical activity  which,  through casual or organized participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and provide  entertainment  to participants. Over the years, many people in the Caribbean have overlooked the importance of sporting activity; however sport has made several contributions to the development of the region. Firstly, sport has the potential to be a source for the generation of increased income for the region, if it is marketed in

Money Is Personal Best Friend Free Essays

Money is personal best friend â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. † ~ Jean Paul Sartre everyone uses money. We all want it, work for it and think about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Money Is Personal Best Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you don’t know what money is, you are not like most humans. However, the task of defining what money is, where it comes from and what it’s worth belongs to those who dedicate themselves to the discipline of economics. While the creation and growth of money seems somewhat intangible, money is the way we get the things we need and want. Here we look at the multifaceted characteristics of money. This investment vehicle is often the perfect stop-gap measure for growing your money. Before the development of a medium of exchange, people would barter to obtain the goods and services they needed. This is basically how it worked: two individuals each possessing a commodity the other wanted or needed would enter into an agreement to trade their goods. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Money is not the only measure of success in life For most people in our modern-capitalism world, money is the first thing, and sometimes the only thing that measures success in their life. Money can buy power. Money can buy fame. Money can buy time. Sometimes money can even buy a life. So money has become the first common goal for everybody. However, there is something else that can be the measurement of success in life. One important thing that defines success in our lives is our careers. With different careers, we will have different goals and measurements of our success. If you are an athlete, your success can be measured by lots of things such as wining tournaments, breaking records, playing in the top league or competing in the Olympics. If you are a scientist, the success in your life will mostly depend on your researches. One line of formula that can prove your theory is true can be the great success in your life. If you are a writer, you will probably succeed if your book gets on the best-selling shelf in the bookstore or if your works get published in a magazine. If you are a musician, playing in the country’s orchestra or a number of your CDs that have been sold can be counted as the measurement of your success. So we can see that another measurement of success in your life besides money is how much you have succeeded in your career. Success in human life is often measured by numbers. Therefore, everything that can be counted can be used as a measurement. Again, these measurements vary with each career. If you are an athlete maybe it is the number of tournaments or the number of matches you have won. But if you are a writer, it is probably the number of your books that have been sold out or if you are a musician it might be the number of your CDs. Sometimes it could be even a silly thing like the number of girlfriends you have. In fact, it is human nature that we always want to compare ourselves to others. In almost every career there is money involved, and maybe that is the reason why people always look at money as primary measurement of their success – they can easily compare it with the others. The other measurement of success in our lives is awards. For the scientists one of the greatest accomplishments in their life is to win a Nobel Prize, for the writers there is the Pulitzer award, for actors and actresses there is an academy award, for musicians a Grammy’s and so on. These things are different from the other measurements in that it is judged by other people not ourselves. Besides those measurements we can compare them with other people or let other people measure our success, sometimes just accomplishing our wishes or dreams can be measures of success in our lives. So it does not matter that you have won the world championships or just the tournament in your school, working in the biggest company in the country or just set up your small company. If it is your dream, you have already succeeded in your life. The common goal in people’s life is to be peaceful and happy. Being the richest man in the world does not mean you are the happiest man in the world, although money can buy you happiness sometimes, but not always. So another measurement of success you are in your is how happy your life is. It might be having a warm family and children, having lots of friends or maybe just having someone who truly loves you. In addition, as times change, the measurement of success in life also changes. For examples, wealth, thing that many people use to judge success in one’s life, is changing when time has passed. Thousands of years ago when humans were still a cavemen, it might have been how big you cave was. Hundreds of years ago it might have been how big your land was. Today it is how much money is in your bank account, so maybe in the future it might be something else. In conclusion, the measurement of success in your live can be many things. It just depends on time, what goals you have and who is the one doing the judging Money is just the first common, one but it is not the only one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Our living conditions  are gradually improving and  thus  our need  of money  for daily life is on the increase. It is obvious that money is very  helpful  to us, but in addition to  its  benefits, there are many downsides that it has brought  into life. Firstly, money brings about a lot of  advantages as seen from the fact. We use it to equip our houses with furniture, to buy food, clothes and all other things we need to live comfortably. Money is an essential precondition for every student to go to school and for every patient to see a doctor. Moreover, we can use it for charity to help  compensate somewhat our  unfortunate feeling / sense of duty  by making material / financial  contributions. Without money, our living conditions  would be  penurious  / poor,  and  very hard to meet the minimum requirements  / basic needs  in life, which is simply eating or drinking. Apart from those advantages,  money has brought us  numerous downsides. First of all, it makes us grasping. Money is  undoubtedly  very valuable in life, the more money we earn, the more materials we have. Therefore, people always try their best to earn as much money as possible due to their desire to have a better life. Some, however, do not. They want more money simply because of their rivalries. They wish to be as wealthy as millionaires or billionaires  without working for it. This  undeliberat  / unreasonable attitude to life is contrary to  morality. Secondly, money rules over  evil-doing  behaviours  / evil deeds. Earning money legitimately is a difficult task, but some people want it to be an easy one by  committing  conscienceless  / irresponsible  acts which are likely to be robbing or murdering. They are not alive to the fact that such behaviours can end them up in prison. / The road of their lives is certainly not to become criminal and end up in prison. In  other  words, whether money does  us  good or harm  it  depends greatly on our perception of it. With money in our hands, we should let it be our servants, not our masters in order to build a better and better world where no crimes exist. / We should consider the money in our hands to be our servant, not our master in order to build an increasingly better world without crimes. How to cite Money Is Personal Best Friend, Essay examples

The Problem of Reading of Children with Learning Disabilities

A learning disability is a rather popular problem of the children that causes trouble in the process of education and using certain skills.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Problem of Reading of Children with Learning Disabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Problem Statement Some children have impaired learning ability. There is no precise definition of learning disability except for the fact that it is characterized by a decrease in school performance and lag in the mastering of school knowledge. â€Å"Approximately 6.5 million students with disabilities are served in America’s public schools, with 44.4% of them being diagnosed with a learning disability† (Swanson Vaughn, 2010). Their problems are sufficiently severe to solve and require professional help. Specialized organizations should pay more attention to programs for disabled students as it is the only way to improve studentsâ €™ academic performance. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) obliged almost all higher educational institutions to provide the disabled students with some level of services helping them in education. Special education and services provided for students with SLD often are specialized instructions for developing of academic compensatory skills. â€Å"The majority of students with SLD receive most of their instruction in the general education setting with supplemental specialized instruction and support provided by certified special education teachers† (Scholten, 2011). Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Article 5 Author (Year) Beate Peter, Mark Matsushit and Wendy H. Raskind Jason L. Anthony,a Rachel Greenblatt Aghara, Martha J. Dunkelberger, Teresa I. Anthony,a Jeffrey M. Williams,a and Zhou Zhanga (2011) Elizabeth B. Meisinger Juliana S. Bloom George W. Hynd (2010) Elizabeth A. Swanson and Sharon Vaughn (2010) Wise, Lauress L. (2010) Title of Journal Global Processing Speed in Children With Low Reading Ability and in Children and Adults With Typical Reading Ability: Exploratory Factor Analytic Models (2011) What Factors Place Children With Speech Sound Disorders at Risk for Reading Problems? American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology Reading fluency: implications for the assessment of children with reading disabilities. An observation study of reading instruction provided to elementary students with learning disabilities in the resource room. Psychology in the Schools. Accessible Reading Assessments For Students with Disabilities: Summary and Conclusions, Applied Measurement in Education Name the specific Research Design To investigate processing speed as a latent dimension in children with dyslexia and children and adults with typical reading skills. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research To identify weaknesses in print awareness and phonological processing that place children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) at increased risk for reading difficulties. To demonstrate superior diagnostic utility of reading fluency to identify children with reading disabilities. To observe reading instruction provided by 10 special education resource-room teachers. To examine factors that make reading assessments more accessible to students with disabilities, and illustrate several different methods of analyzing the Degree to which accommodations change important characteristics Research Question Guiding the article (In your own words) What are the weaknesses in print awareness and phonological processing? What is the role of reading fluency in identifying children with reading disabilities? What effective reading instruction and grouping strategies do teachers use for achieving the academic progress of their students? How do the accommodations impact on test score validity? Main Findings/ Claims (Paraphrase and summarize main findings only) Children with poor reading scores showed lower speed factor scores than did typical peers. The speed factor was negatively correlated with age in the adults. The difference in phonological awareness and reading between groups of children with SSDs and a language matched comparison group Reading fluency is a key tool of assessment the reading disability among children. Students reached significantly high rates in oral reading fluency but hardly increased their standard scores on measures of comprehension or word reading. Large Printand Brailletestified that students perform slightly better on writing items and less well on reading items; Segmenting Reading Passagesshowed an increase in test Score reliability for students with disabilities while reliability for students without Disability remained unchanged. Read-Aloud presentationof passages and test questions showed score gains From audio presentation for students with disabilities. What evidence do they provide? Evidence for a global speed factor includes the observation that processing s peed across a variety of task types increases during childhood and adolescence and then declines again, possibly as a function of white matter volume and integrity across the life span. The difference is explained by individual differences in underlying representation-related phonological abilities and their weaknesses in quality and accessibility of phonological representations. the fact that many adult dyslexics experience difficulties with reading fluency even after becoming accurate word readers, and intervention research has shown that it is harder to attain improvements in reading fluency compared to improvements in reading comprehension, decoding, and word identification skills (Lyon and Moats, 1997; Meyer and Felton, 1999; Torgesen, Rashotte, Alexander, 2001). (a) students benefit from explicit and systematic instruction, (b) foundation skills such as phonemic awareness and phonics/word study are essential elements of instruction, (c) higher processing skills such as fluenc y, vocabulary, and comprehension are essential from the beginning of reading instruction, and (d) students who have difficulties benefit from smaller group instruction. Large Printand Braille forms provided minor evidence for item-level accommodation Effects. Segmenting Reading Passagesshowed no significant score gains for either students With or without disabilities and showed slightly decreased correlations With teacher ratings of reading proficiency. Read-Aloud Accommodation leads to different factor loadings and thus a potentially Changed construct. Internal Validity Is the evidence convincing? Explain why or why not. The evidences are proved by extensive factual basis, a multi-step analysis of data. The evidences are convincing. The research was carried out using an interconnected set of theoretical and empirical research methods. The reliability of study results is provided by its conduct, based on recent advances philosophical, psychological, linguistic and pedagogical scie nces. The evidences are convincing although student achievement did improve, it did not do so at a rate that allows a closing of the gap between achievement among students with LD and students without LD. The evidence is not convincing, because substantive findings represented the works in their progress and showed Mixed or even conflicting results that beg for further investigation. Where was the study conducted? University of Washington, Seattle University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston a university-based clinic Center for Preventing Educational Risk at The University of Texas at Austin. Human Resources Research Organization Type of Sampling Stratified sampling Not mentioned Not mentioned Purposive sampling Stratified sampling External Validity Can you generalize to your setting and population? Why or why not? The study provides data that could be used in my further research It contributes new insights into the problem of reading disability The work contains helpful data for my related research Findings could contribute my further work The article provides results and statistics that could be used in my work. How will this study inform your project or thesis? The study will be useful source of information about the low reading ability This research paper contain information about identification of factors responsible for the increased risk of reading difficulties among children with SSDs. The study provides helpful information on detecting reading problems using reading fluency. The results of this study provide helpful data and could be used for my further researches. The components of effective reading instruction can serve as a guide to types of learning The articles examined different methods that could be helpful for study of the impact of accommodations for varying groups of students with disabilities. Conclusions A learning disability is a general term that describes the significant difficulties in the mastery of one or more of the following skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, logical reasoning and arithmetic. But a reading disability is the most popular disorder among children. The disorder is a lifelong issue. However, right support and professional assessment could help children succeed in school and later in life. The articles discuss the reading problem of children. They examine the scientific views on diagnosing and correcting the problem as well as the methods of assessment of students with LD (Meisinger, Bloom Hynd, 2010). The approaches to solution of reading disability vary depending on the cause of the disorder.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Treatment of dyslexia is a comprehensive approach, including non-pharmacological intervention to exercise cognitive functions associated with the alleged nature of the underlying problem, and / or their consolidation as a compensatory mechanism (Jason, Greenblatt, Zhang, 2011). A balanced program of rehabilitation involves individual training, including systematic studies on the development of skills to identify phonemes, voice possession, fluency of reading and expanding of vocabulary (Swanson Vaughn, 2010). Well coordinated treatment program also includes opportunities to develop skills in writing, reading and discussion of the reading (Wise, 2010). A number of effective standardized methods of training are aimed at specific components related to the problems of phonological coding. References Beate, P., Matsushita, M. H., Raskind, W. (2011). Global processing speed in children with low reading ability and in children and adults with typical reading ability: explanatory factor analytic models. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54(3), 885-899. Jason, L. A., Greenblatt, A. R., Dunkelberger, J. M., Anthony, I. A., Williams. M. J., Zhang, Z. (2011). What factors place children with speech sound disorder s at risk for reading problems? American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20, 146-160. Meisinger, E. B., Bloom, J. S., Hynd, G.W. (2010). Reading fluency: Implications for the assessment of children with reading disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 60, 1-17. Scholten, (2011). The A.D.D. Guidebook. empowermentplus.org. Retrieved from https://drteeyascholten.com/pdf/guidebook_reading_problems_p75to80.pdfAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Problem of Reading of Children with Learning Disabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Swanson, E. A., Vaughn, S. (2010). An observation study of reading instruction provided to elementary students with learning disabilities in the resource room. Psychology in the Schools, 47(5), 481–492. Wise, L. L. (2010). Accessible Reading Assessments for Students with Disabilities: Summary and Conclusions. Applied Measurement in Education, 23, 209-214. This assessment on The Problem of Reading of Children with Learning Disabilities was written and submitted by user Braelynn Rose to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Journal Essays

Journal Essays Journal Essay Journal Essay As far as disciplines are concerned in such a vast scientific world that people circulate in, when psychology was conceived and eventually became a separate field of concentration, it has become perhaps one of the most popular courses and career any individual would want to venture in. The main concerns however are left for aficionados to speculate that the study of human behavior, its scientific explorations on the human mind and its mental processes is also a very complex and quite difficult arena (Papalia et al, 2002). There are theories and theorists that abound to posit on the description, explanation or understanding and prediction (and if possible, modification or control) of behavior among human organisms. Despite the modern breakthroughs, there lies a tension between what has been known and what are still unknown on the creature called man (Bernstein, 1991).This paper is anchored on the understanding that psychology actually pertains to the human psyche which is the equivalent of the soul and/or spirit where insights, knowledge and understanding reside. Where this is the central issue, spirituality similarly is attracted to the human mind where the attention that much of the Christian doctrine is also supposed to attend to or has been prepared to change. The observations made by Jean Piaget are translated to their applicability to counseling, to culture and to the biblical worldview. The author therefore attempts to present a prà ©cis on the premise and/or presupposition of Piaget and what this theorist wanted to convey towards the development of personhood specifically in the cognitive domains or aspects of the human individualPiaget’s Cognitive Stages of DevelopmentIntroductionMany of the theories today get their ideas from theorists of the earlier years and mushroom them to the world of science attracting their own followers. Piaget is considered a pioneer however in his field. His presuppositions mainly point to the person’s acting or operating on his/her environment which enables the development to put into motion or enable the person to develop in his cognition.To put into more detail, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learning factors. Jean Piaget, who was both a biologist and psychologist, developed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development. Piaget’s work led to the current view that children are actively involved in their own cognitive development. By active involvement, Piaget meant that children are constantly striving to understand what they encounter, and in such encounters they form their own guesses or hypotheses about how the world works (Atkinson 1993).Piaget’s cognitive stages refer to four different stages – sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages – each of which is more advanced than the preceding stage because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities (Papalia et al, 2002). Although Piaget believed that all people go through the same four cognitive stages, he acknowledged that they may go through the stages at different rates. Piaget’s hypothesis that cognitive development occurs in stages was one of his unique contributions to developmental psychology (Atkinson 1993).The cognitive changes that occur in various stages of development are influenced by the individual’s adaptation which can come in the form of either or both assimilation or accommodation. Assimilation is the easier process of the two where the brain or the mind is concerned, according to Piaget. Assimilation is fitting in the new material coming from the environment by transforming the data in the individual’s internal senses. As this happens, the individual hardly feels any difficulty concerning the change that is occurring. Contrariwise, though both occur in a child or individual together, accommodation usually happens when the person or child’s present explanation of the way things work is inadequate or insufficient and the child or individual must change his/her way of explaining these things hence, must accomm odate that which is the newer theory (Atherton 2005).Implications to CounselingOperating on assumptions held by Piaget, there are many considerations that may come up when Piaget and his theory is to be applied to a counseling setting. His proposition of the nature of assimilation and accommodation helps the counselor see the basic issues that surround a person in specific stages as Piaget had described in the four cognitive developmental stages (Piaget, 1936; Bernstein et al, 1991). Supposing the concerned individual happens to be a child who might be approximately three years of age and hence as hypothesized would be within the preoperational stage, the counselor would find it hard to convince the child of cause and effect with particular temper problems if the counselor lacks full understanding of the stage as presupposed by Piaget considering that the child tends to stay egocentric and incapable of seeing other persons’ viewpoint (Piaget, 2000).Implications to CulturePeop le who adopt the Piagetian approach would tend to think that their world would be based on what they contributed to it rather than a set of made-up guidelines or rules. Since Piaget theorized that people or children act on their environment (Piaget and Inhelder, 1948) and not mere absorbers of it (Morgan, 1977), then, it would follow that people should not just expect that an absolute set of truth or values applied to various parts of living is expected (Piaget, 1936). It means that people tend to be reflective on a relative truth or rules, ones that they themselves constructed rather than what are already made for them to follow.Culture in a sense becomes evolving, because it depends on how people construct their world and as people become active participants of what happens to this world, it is understood then that the culture that follows will be constantly changing.Implications to a Biblical WorldviewThe Bible holds that there is such a thing as absolute truth applied to rules t hat govern people’s thinking, behavior and consequent kind of culture. The world becomes a better place when people who live in it are governed by God’s rules; whose minds are renewed by God through His word. This expressed best in the letter of Paul to the Romans: And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God (12: 2, NKJV).In addition the best reference for the reality and need of absolute truth is found in another passage of the Bible where Paul addressing his letter to Timothy clearly reiterated this idea. All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work (2 Timothy 3:16, NKJV). This means that man cannot contribute to what God has made already and only needs to submit or actively obey with what God’s word has definitely spoken because His Word is perfect and complete and enough for man and his existence.

French Media and Communication Vocabulary

French Media and Communication Vocabulary Media is all around us and frequently comes up in both casual and professional conversation. Learning French vocabulary for communication and media will help you share ideas in French and understand other French speakers. News les actualità ©s: newslactualità ©: current affairsles mà ©dias: the media TV and Radio le cà ¢ble: cable TVla chaà ®ne: channella chaà ®ne publique: public service stationun(e) envoyà ©(e) spà ©cial(e): special reporterune à ©mission: programle journal: news bulletinle lecteur de DVD: DVD playerle magnà ©tophone: tape recorderle magnà ©toscope: VCRla publicità ©: advertisementla radio: radiole reporter: reporterla retransmission: broadcastla tà ©là ©: TVla tà ©là ©vision: television Print Media le journal: newspaperle/la journaliste: reporterle kiosque: newsstandle magazine: magazinela petite annonce: classified adla revue: scholarly or informational publication, journal Computer le courriel, email, mà ©l:  emaille fournisseur daccà ¨s Internet: ISP (internet service provider)lInternet: internetle Minitel: public access information system created by France Tà ©là ©comle navigateur: (internet) browserun ordinateur: computer Letter Writing une adresse: addressla boà ®te aux lettres: mailboxla carte postale: postcardle courrier: (snail) maille destinataire: recipient, To:une enveloppe: envelopelexpà ©diteur: sender, From:la lettre: letterle paquet, le colis: packagela poste: post officele timbre: stamp On the Phone While there are specialized vocabulary words related to using the phone, there are also a number of useful phrases that are commonly used when talking on the phone. la cabine tà ©là ©phonique: telephone boothle fax: fax (machine)la messagerie vocale: voice maille mobile: cell phonela pià ¨ce (de monnaie): coinle rà ©pondeur: answering machinela tà ©là ©carte: phonecardle tà ©là ©phone: telephone Communication Verbs appeler: to calldire: to sayà ©couter la radio: to listen to the radioà ©crire: to writeenvoyer (par la poste): to mail, sendenvoyer par email: to emailenvoyer par fax, faxer: to faxlire: to readtà ©là ©phoner : to call

Multiple parts short answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Multiple parts short answer - Essay Example Low ph would, therefore, increase the growth of vibrio cholerae. With continue administration of lethal 50 dose, the bacteria in the body obtain a way to survive in its presence as they get used to it. They, therefore, produce molecules that are known as virulence factors, which enable them to colonize the host. The process occurs when the pathogenic bacteria, vibrio cholerae in this case spreads the virulence factors through the genetic elements that are mobile. The genes are transferred horizontally making the harmless genes obtain the harmful chromosomes from the vibrio cholerae. Through the process, the lethal dose 50% becomes ineffective and has to be changed. 1. Escherichia coli strain A and Escherichia coli strain B are structurally different in their amino acid composition. E. coli A has one polypeptide chain that contains 177 amino acids while the latter has 153 residues (Lowry et al, p 36). The higher weight of E. coli A makes it destructive to its host. 3. The symbiotic relationship between the host and the bacterial pathogen is through the way the host provides the bacteria a habitat and food. The bacterial pathogen facilitates normal physiology in the

The Ethics of Citibank Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Ethics of Citibank - Research Paper Example As a means of understanding the ethical ramifications of the collapse and the contributing factors that ultimately led up to it, the analysis will first delve into something of a historical analysis of the collapse so that the key decisions that Citibank made leading up to and just prior to the collapse can be understood within a broader appreciation for the means by which successive ethical oversights and dependency behavior created the perfect something of a perfect storm that has affected untold millions around the world and cost untold trillions in loss to the global economy. Moreover, it is the hope of this author that such an analysis will help the reader to not only come to an appreciation for ethical factors and the impacts that they can have but to create a sense of urgency within the mind of the reader to integrate with ethical decision making at each and every step of the business process. As such, the forthcoming analysis will break down the financial collapse and subsequ ent ethical oversights into two main sectors; those dealing with the ethical oversights that existed prior to the crash and contributed to the global financial meltdown (evidenced within Citibank), and those ethical oversights that took place after the crash and fundamentally concerned appropriation and disbursal of stimulus funding. Taking the more recent situation first, it can be noted that in excess of 220 billion USD was allocated to Citibank by the Federal government as a result of TARP. The initial reason for this allocation was of course the fact that the Federal government and key decision makers within the Federal Reserve felt that without TARP stimulus it would be highly possible that the poor investment structure of Citibank could lead to its collapse. Due to the fact that Citibank and others were labeled as â€Å"too big to fail†, it was determined that it was vitally necessary to transfer this massive amount of money from the taxpayers into the coffers of some of the largest financial institutions in the world. Not surprisingly, Citibank and others were none to alarmed with such a rapid increase in the overall level of money that they could leverage to meet their liabilities. Unfortunately, rather than leveraging this money and immediately doing a thorough audit of their firm to ensure that k ey standards were being met and no such situation as had been witnessed the following year could ever occur again, the key ethical oversight of merely continuing to conduct business as usual was witnessed. Certainly, it can be noted that Citibank and others met minimum federal requirements; however, a proactive stance in seeking to maximize their shareholders utility and minimize any potential and lingering levels of ethical oversights was not engaged. Moreover, it can also be noted that one of the first major managerial decisions that was made after the financial collapse and subsequent federal disbursal of bailout funds was with relation to liberal bonuses for many of the top leadership positions within Citibank. This serves as perhaps the most visible ethical oversight that this brief analysis will analyze. The news media soon picked up on this revelation and broadcast the names and actual bonus levels that many of these upper

Economic Growth and the Environment

Economic Growth and the Environment Will the world be able to sustain economic growth indefinitely without running into resource constraints or despoiling the environment beyond repair? What is the relationship between a steady increase in incomes and environmental quality? Are there trade-offs between the goals of achieving high and sustainable rates of economic growth and attaining high standards of environmental quality. For some social and physical scientists, growing economic activity (production and consumption) requires larger inputs of energy and material, and generates larger quantities of waste byproducts. Increased extraction of natural resources, accumulation of waste, and concentration of pollutants would overwhelm the carrying capacity of the biosphere and result in the degradation of environmental quality and a decline in human welfare, despite rising incomes. Furthermore, it is argued that degradation of the resource base would eventually put economic activity itself at risk. To save the environment and even economic activity from itself, economic growth must cease and the world must make a transition to a steady-state economy. At the other extreme, are those who argue that the fastest road to environmental improvement is along the path of economic growth: with higher incomes comes increased demand for goods and services that are less material-intensive, as well as demand for improved environmental quality that leads to the adoption of environmental protection measures. The strong correlation between incomes, and the extent to which environmental protection measures are adopted, demonstrates that in the longer run, the surest way to improve your environment is to become rich, Some went as far as claiming that environmental regulation, by reducing economic growth, may actually reduce environmental quality. As agriculture and resource extraction intensify and industrialization takes off, both resource depletion and waste generation accelerate. At higher levels of development, structural change towards information-based industries and services, more efficient technologies, and increased demand for environmental quality result in leveling-off and a steady decline of environmental degradation (Panayotou 1993), as seen in the Figure 1 below: The issue of whether environmental degradation (a) increases monotonically, (b) decreases monotonically, or (c) first increases and then declines along a country’s development path, has critical implications for policy. A monotonic increase of environmental degradation with economic growth calls for strict environmental regulations and even limits on economic growth to ensure a sustainable scale of economic activity within the ecological life-support system (Arrow et al. 1995) A monotonic decrease of environmental degradation along a country’s development path suggests that policies that accelerate economic growth lead also to rapid environmental improvements and no explicit environmental policies are needed; indeed, they may be counterproductive if they slow down economic growth and thereby delay environmental improvement. Finally, if the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is supported by evidence, development policies have the potential of being environmentally benign over the long run, (at high incomes), but they are also capable of significant environmental damage in the short-to-medium run (at low-to-medium-level incomes). In this case, several issues arise: (1) at what level of per capita income is the turning point? (2) How much damage would have taken place, and how can they be avoided? (3) Would any ecological thresholds be violated and irreversible damages take place before environmental degradation turns down, and how can they be avoided? (4) Is environmental improvement at higher income levels automatic, or does it require conscious institutional and policy reforms? and (5) how to accelerate the development process so that developing economies and economies in transition can experience the same improved economic and environmental conditions enjoyed by developed market economies? Policy Response In the OECD countries we observe a strong decoupling of emissions of local air pollutants from economic growth. OECD countries have achieved a strong decoupling between energy use and economic growth over the past 20 years, with the economy growing by 17% between 1980 and 1998 and energy use falling by the about the same percentage. Water and resource use continued to grow but at a rate slower than GDP growth reflecting a weak decoupling of the two. Thus decoupling of emissions in OECD and generally the developed ECE countries has been accomplished through a combination of technological change and a strong environmental policy. The latter consisting of â€Å"greening† of fiscal policy, removing subsidies to environmentally harmful activities and the use of economic instruments to internalise environmental cost. A number of EU policy initiatives, such as the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines 2001, among others have promoted a gradual but steady and credible change in the level and structure of the tax rates until external costs are fully reflected in prices, to cope with most of the fundamental structural problem in all developed countries, the unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. In the energy markets these guidelines aim to uses taxes and other market-based instruments to rebalance prices in favour of reusable energy sources and technologies. Other EU initiatives in this direction are the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), the directive establishing an EU framework for emissions trading, and the Integrated Product Policy (IPP) all of which aim at realigning price relations and stimulating investments in new technologies that promote sustainable development. Member states are encouraged to improve market functioning by addressing market failures such as externalities through â€Å"increased use of market-based systems in pursuit of environmental objectives as they provide flexibility to industry to reduce pollution in a cost effective way, as well as encourage technological innovations†. Economic instruments such as gradual but steady and credible change in the level and structure of tax rates until external costs are fully reflected in prices are promoted as the most efficient means of decoupling economic growth from pollution, as they alter price relations and thereby also drive changes in technology and consumer behaviour (preference) that lie behind the growth-environment relationship. As exemplified by the energy and transport sectors, the EU decoupling policy consists of demand management through full-cost pricing and development of more environmentally friendly alternatives by promoting technological innovations. Since 1990 all economies in transition have made efforts to restructure their energy and transport sectors along market principles and to raise energy prices closer to economic and international levels. However because of the political sensitivity of energy pricing and the lagging reforms in many transition economies a gap of 20-85% continues to persist between energy prices in economies in transition. For example electricity prices for households in Eastern Europe are only 50 percent of those of the European Union; for industrial consumers, electricity prices are closer to their economic and international levels being 20% lower than those of the EU. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe has repeatedly called upon its members to raise the prices of various energy sources to their full economic costs and adapt economic instruments to internalise the costs to human health and the environment associated with energy production and consumption. The aim is to decouple emissions from energy use and energy use from economic growth. Despite significant progress towards sustainable development developed countries are still experiencing unsustainable consumption patterns as evidenced by the continued growth of municipal waste and CO ² emissions. As transition economies begin to recover and grow again their emissions and resource use are also growing though less than proportionately. Their GDP energy-intensity, though declining, continues to be several times that of the developed countries while their consumption patterns are tracing the same path as that of their developed counterparts. Further decoupling of growth and environment and progress towards sustainable development calls for action on many fronts by both groups of countries as well as cooperation between them especially in technology transfer: Use of an effective mix of economic instruments such as taxes, charges and tradable permits to correct market and policy failures and to internalise environmental and social costs and induce changes in the composition of consumption and production. Improvement in resource use efficiency and â€Å"dematerialization† of the economy Change in the content of economies growth and this involves adjustments costs which tend to be greater the faster is the rate of change in relative prices; in particular those who lose need to be compensated by those who benefit Introduction of specific policies to preserve the living standards of those directly affected by the required adjustment and to avoid unemployment and social disruption; issues of inequality and social exclusion must be addressed.

Events in Eiffel Tower

In this report I will be discussing many things about the Eiffel Tower. Such topics are: when the Eiffel Tower was built, how it was designed, and who the architect was. I will also tell you about how it was and how it is now used in Paris. I will also state the time and materials used to build the Eiffel Tower. I will tell you about Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the architect and builder of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was built by a man by the name of Alexandre Gustave Eiffel. Gustave Eiffel was born in the year of 1832 in Dijon and attended the Ecole des Arts et Manufactures in Paris. In school he specialized in the area of design of large metal structures. He then established his own business in Paris in 1867 and quickly established his reputation with building. He was responsible for such things as the first to use compressed air for underwater caissons, such as on the railway bridge over the Carunne at Bordeauz. Gustave Eiffel has built a series of ambitious railway bridges, of which span across the Dovso at Oportu, Portugal, was the longest at 525 feet (or 160 meters). Then in 1881 he provided the iron skeleton for the Statue of Liberty. He also helped in the French attempt at the Panama Canal, where he designed and partly constructed huge locks. Then the project collapsed in 1893 and Eiffel went to prison for two years. In 1900 he took up aerodynamics and worked with that until his death in 1923. Then 1889 Eiffel built his most popular project ever. His most popular project is the Eiffel Tower, which was begun in the year 1885 and finished in the year 1889. It was originally built for the World†s Fair or Centennial Exposition of 1889 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. It took him a year to design it and three years to build the tallest structure of that time. The structure was meant to be disassembled after the World†s Fair was over in the year, but was preserved for other better uses. The materials used to build the huge structure were 7,742 tons of iron, 2-1/2 million rivets, and 15,000 pieces of metal. That which brings us to the process of building. To build the tower, the workers would first fabricate all the parts in a welding shop, then number them, and send them to the sight. The building design was to be built with cross-braced lattice girders or a diagonal brace, which runs from vertical support to vertical support, which allows very little movement. Even in hurricane strength winds there would be only 8. 8 inches (or 22 centimeters) of movement. All the highest quality wrought iron. The Eiffel Tower is resting on 25 square foot (or 2. 25 square meter) masonry piers. The piers are set in seven feet (or two meters) of concrete far below ground. The tower has three above ground stages. Below the first platform, which is at the height of 188 feet (or 57 meters), the four legs are connected by structurally sound arches. The second platform is placed at 380 feet (or 115 meters) where the legs are brought almost completely together. Then the third platform is 911 feet (or 276 meters) above the ground. Above the final platform is the lantern, which warn airplanes above, and the final terrace. Then in 1959 the addition of a radio antenna raised the height of the tower from about 990 feet (or 300 meters) to 1,056 feet (or 320 meters). The tower is now used for other things. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is located in the â€Å"Champ de Mars,† on the south bank of the River Seine. Its uses have diversely changed throughout the years. After 1889 and the closing of the World†s Fair, Gustave Eiffel spent his time to save his monument and find new and profitable uses for the tower. He supervised changes to accommodate a meteorological station in 1890, a military telegraph station in 1903, and laboratories for studying aerodynamics in 1909. Then in 1900, 1923, and 1937 further modifications were added. The tower was then used for radio and television transmission, as a meteorological recording station, and has a restaurant and office space. Then for many years the Eiffel Tower was owned by a public firm and was in need of repairs. Then in 1981, the government of Paris took over its management. Then in the years 1981 to 1983, the tower underwent serious renovations and reconstruction in preparation for its 100th anniversary in 1989. The remodeling cost over $40 million, and stripped all the paint off down to the girders, removed the excess weight, and built new lighter buildings within the tower. The current state of the first level is three glass-enclosed structures: a museum and the Cinema, which shows films about the tower. The central level is made up of two of its own sections, each of which has a restaurant: Le Perisien, on the lower section, and La Belle France, on the upper section. The third level is the Salle Gustave Eiffel, which provides spaces for conferences, expositions, cultural events, and social gatherings. Also on the second level is a snack bar and souvenir shop. There are also glass-enclosed elevators, which take you to the first and second levels. To conclude my report I would like to say my opinion of this beautiful structure and how it has always been one of the most visited monuments in the whole world. The Eiffel Tower is Paris† most loved monuments and will probably never be disliked. The beautiful structural design and architecture just surprises me for its age. So, a masterpiece that was supposed to be torn down after the World†s Fair has lived a much longer life, a 102-year life. The Eiffel Tower was used in many collectors† plates in its early life. The most popular plates number over 82 today. In its life time, the Eiffel Tower has been visited by over 2. 5 million people and is still today a tourist trap so from a French military telegraph station to restaurants and souvenir stores, the Eiffel Tower has lived trough it all. The Eiffel Tower also went through two world wars, Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and Desert Storm, so never question the strength of a worldwide known monument.

Essay on Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology

Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology The role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the past. While inevitably, going to far distant lands and living with a culture so different from your own will at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause profound changes in the way he or she will view the world. But in the past these changes were not important. What was necessary for the ethnographer to do in the past was to document a culture break it down structurally and quantify the observations made. The reflexive nature of his or her experiences were of little†¦show more content†¦(Malinowski, 11) This basically means that it is the role of the ethnographer to rationalize and put in writing the ways of existence of another culture. What he gains from the experience of living with the trobriand islanders is of no concern the people he was writin g for. It is my belief that perhaps the reason that the anthropologists of the past have placed so much importance on structuralizing and bringing into written fruition the laws that the natives live by but are not aware of, is to give others the idea that their research and inquiry are purely scientific and by no means reflexive. The reason that they do this is probably to get backing by institutions in order so they may have their travels paid for and so they may be recognized as a scholar by a scholarly reading audience. As time has gone on more and more Anthropologists have talked about how their ethnographic research has effected their thinking. At first they integrated the reflexive nature of their research in a sort of roundabout way. For instance the notion that different cultures and peoples really dont structure their realities all that differently. (Levi-Strauss) While this may not seem to be reflexive and it definitely is not blatantly expressed in the text, it is more philosophical and more geared towards stimulating thoughts about the nature of life as we know it. While Levi-Strauss may not have stated this outright (he still had to appearShow MoreRelatedResearch Methodology Essay4336 Words   |  18 Pagesâ€Å"The study of man contains a greater variety of intellectual styles than any other area of cultural endeavor. How different social scientists go about their work, and what they aim t accomplish by it, often do not seem to have a common denominator ... Let us admit the case of our critics from the humanities and from the experimental sciences: Social science as a whole is both intellectually and morally confused. 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Typically nonwork experiences associated with family, lifestyle, consumption, and school are evoked to create a moreRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very d iverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this

pH, pKa, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

The  pH  is  a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. pKa (acid dissociation constant) and pH are related, but pKa is more specific in that it helps you predict what a molecule will do at a specific pH. Essentially, pKa tells you what the pH needs to be in order for a chemical species to donate or accept a proton. The relationship between pH and pKa is described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. pH, pKa, and Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation The pKa is the pH value at which a chemical species will accept or donate a proton.The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater the ability to donate a proton in aqueous solution.The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates pKa and pH. However, it is only an approximation and should not be used for concentrated solutions or for extremely low pH acids or high pH bases. pH and pKa Once you have pH or pKa values, you know certain things about a solution and how it compares with other solutions: The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H].The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater its ability to donate protons.pH depends on the concentration of the solution. This is important because it means a weak acid could actually have a lower pH than a diluted strong acid. For example, concentrated vinegar (acetic acid, which is a weak acid) could have a lower pH than a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (a strong acid).On the other hand, the pKa value is a constant for each type of molecule. It is unaffected by concentration.Even a chemical ordinarily considered a base can have a pKa value because the terms acids and bases simply refer to whether a species will give up protons (acid) or remove them (base). For example, if you have a base Y with a pKa of 13, it will accept protons and form YH, but when the pH exceeds 13, YH will be deprotonated and become Y. Because Y removes protons at a pH greater than the pH of neutral water (7), it is consid ered a base. Relating pH and pKa With the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation If you know either pH or pKa, you can solve for the other value using an approximation called the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH pKa   log ([conjugate base]/[weak acid])pH pkalog ([A-]/[HA]) pH is the sum of the pKa value and the log of the concentration of the conjugate base divided by the concentration of the weak acid. At half the equivalence point: pH pKa Its worth noting sometimes this equation is written for the Ka value rather than pKa, so you should know the relationship:   pKa -logKa Assumptions for the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation The reason the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is an approximation is because it takes water chemistry out of the equation. This works when water is the solvent and is present in a very large proportion to the [H] and acid/conjugate base. You shouldnt try to apply the approximation for concentrated solutions. Use the approximation only when the following conditions are met: −1  Ã‚  log ([A−]/[HA])  Ã‚  1Molarity of buffers should be 100x greater than that of the acid ionization constant Ka.Only use strong acids or strong bases if the pKa values fall between 5 and 9. Example pKa and pH Problem Find [H] for a solution of 0.225 M NaNO2 and 1.0 M HNO2. The Ka value (from a table) of HNO2 is 5.6 x 10-4. pKa  Ã‚  Ã¢Ë†â€™log  Ka  Ã‚  Ã¢Ë†â€™log(7.4Ãâ€"10−4)  Ã‚  3.14 pH pka log ([A-]/[HA]) pH  Ã‚  pKa  Ã‚  log([NO2-]/[HNO2]) pH  Ã‚  3.14  Ã‚  log(1/0.225) pH  Ã‚  3.14  Ã‚  0.648  Ã‚  3.788 [H]  Ã‚  10−pH  Ã‚  10−3.788  Ã‚  1.6Ãâ€"10−4 Sources de Levie, Robert. â€Å"The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations.†Ã‚  Journal of Chemical Education, 2003.Hasselbalch, K. A. Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der freien und gebundenen Kohlensà ¤ure desselben, und die Sauerstoffbindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1917, pp.112–144.Henderson , Lawrence J. Concerning the relationship between the strength of acids and their capacity to preserve neutrality. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, vol. 21, no. 2, Feb. 1908, pp. 173–179.Po, Henry N., and N. M. Senozan. â€Å"The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations.†Ã‚  Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 11, 2001, p. 1499.